MEDFARM: Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan

Quality Evaluation and Phytochemical Screening of Kaempferia galanga and Zingiber zerumbet Rhizome Extracts

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Indonesia has rich biodiversity that provides potential sources of traditional medicine, including Kaempferia galanga and Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes, which are widely used in ethnomedicine. This study aimed to evaluate the quality parameters and phytochemical constituents of both rhizomes in accordance with pharmacopoeial standards. The research involved simplicia preparation, extraction using 96% ethanol by maceration, and subsequent quality testing, including specific, non-specific, and phytochemical screening. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations confirmed the authenticity of the rhizomes, and purity tests showed that foreign organic matter levels were within the acceptable limits (≤2%). The extractive values demonstrated that K. galanga had a higher water-soluble content, whereas the two species had comparable ethanol fractions. Specific and non-specific quality parameters were quantitatively determined in compliance with the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The water-soluble extractive value was 11.30% for K. galanga and 9.20% for Z. zerumbet, while ethanol-soluble extractive values were both 5.30%. Loss on drying and moisture content remained below 10% for both rhizomes, meeting the required threshold. Specific gravity values of 0.8367 g/mL (K. galanga) and 0.79 g/mL (Z. zerumbet) indicated proper extract concentration. These parameters confirm the extracts' quality, stability, and suitability for further phytopharmaceutical development.

High Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medications among Geriatric Cardiovascular Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Hospital in Eastern Indonesia

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) are a frequent concern among elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), where polypharmacy and age-related vulnerability increase the risk of adverse outcomes. This study investigated the prevalence and contributing factors of PIMs in elderly CVD patients at dr. TC Hillers Hospital, Maumere, Indonesia. Both the 2023 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria and the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions (STOPP) version 3 were applied to assess PIMs .

A hospital based cross sectional design was implemented from August to September 2023, enrolling outpatients aged 65 years and above with confirmed CVD diagnose. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and medications were collected from medical records. Among 110 patients, 141 PIM events (18.1%) were identified from 779 medications using Beers 2023, and 168 PIM events (21.6%) using STOPP v3. Chi-square test was used to examine differences in the prevalence of PIMs across demographic and clinical characteristics.

The overall patient level prevalence of PIMs was 71% based on Beers 2023 and 68% based on STOPP v3. Polypharmacy was the strongest determinant, even in the absence of comorbidities. A higher Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI) scores showed no significant association with PIMs when using Beers 2023, but was significantly with STOPP v3. No significant associations were found with age or gender. Proton pump inhibitors, diuretics, and the combination of spironolactone with RAS inhibitors were the most frequent PIMs. In conclusion, PIM prevalence among elderly CVD outpatients in Maumere is alarmingly high, reflecting the complexity of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy.

Effect of Temperature and Extraction Time on the Total Phenolic Content of 70% Ethanol Extract of Temu Giring Rhizome (Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp.)

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp.) is a type of medical plant in the form of rhizomes. The plant is from the Zingiberaceae family. Intersection giring rhizome has various activities including antioxidant, antiviral, antiaging, and antimicrobial. Temu giring rhizome has various activities including antioxidant, antiviral, phenolic, saponin, and essential oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature and time of extraction with UAE (Ultrasonic Assited Extraction) on the total phenolic content of the 70% ethanol extract of the rhizome of teemu giring by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the highest total phenolic content was at a temperature of 40°C with a time 20 minutes namely 2,33%GAE, while the lowest total phenolic content was at a temperature of 30°C with a time of 10 minute namely 1,24%GAE.

Optimization Of Extraction Conditions For Total Phenols, Flavonoids, And Antioxidant Activity Of Avocado Seeds (Persea Americana Mill.) Using Simplex Lattice Design

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Avocado pits contain a diverse array of bioactive substances, such as procyanidins, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, acetogenins, fatty amino acids, and mild acids, all exhibiting antioxidant properties. Antioxidants function by preventing oxidation, reducing the formation of harmful compounds, and protecting against aging, inflammation, and cancer. This research centers on assessing the impact of solvent proportions, pinpointing the ideal solvent mixture, and measuring the overall phenolic and flavonoid levels, along with the antioxidant capacity, of the top-performing solvent applied for extracting compounds from avocado seeds. The research method used the SLD (Simplex Lattice Design) Design Expert method. The extract formula was prepared using sonication, with the results showing 17 formulas for three solvents: acetone, distilled water, and 70% ethanol. Test parameters included phytochemical screening tests, specific and non-specific parameter tests, total phenol tests, total flavonoid tests, and antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method. Statistical data analysis was performed using Design Expert with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) output according to the designed experimental design. The results obtained based on the research are the 12th run formula with a solvent ratio of acetone, distilled water, and 70% ethanol (100:0:0) has an extract yield of 3.25%, total flavonoids of 17.302 mgQE/g extract, total phenols of 46.274 mgGAE/g extract, and antioxidant activity of 81.68 ppm, the optimisation results show that the optimum solvent composition is 100% Acetone, without a mixture of 70% Ethanol or Distilled Water.

Test Antioxidant Content In Herb Kyllinga nemoralis Extract With DPPH Method

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Antioxidants are compounds capable of slowing or preventing oxidation, even in relatively low concentrations, thereby contributing to various physiological functions in the body. The antioxidant components found in plants act as free radical scavengers by transforming them into less reactive molecules. Jukut Pendul (Kyllinga nemoralis) contains several bioactive substances, including flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which are recognized for their potential as natural antioxidants. Flavonoids, for instance, exhibit antioxidant activity by donating hydrogen atoms or through their metal-chelating properties. These compounds can be present as glycosides (with glucose moieties) or in the free form known as aglycones. This research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Kyllinga nemoralis extract. The plant material was sourced from Banyuwangi, East Java. Extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The free radical scavenging activity was assessed using the DPPH (1 radical) method. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control. Measurement of absorbance was carried out through UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extract was tested at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL. The findings revealed that the value of Kyllinga nemoralis extract was 11.351 μg/mL, whereas ascorbic acid exhibited an IC₅₀ of 3.43 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity of Kyllinga nemoralis ethanol extract falls into the very strong category, ranging <50-100 μg/mL. These results suggest that although the antioxidant strength of Kyllinga nemoralis is lower than that of , the extract still possesses detectable radical-scavenging activity.

Relationship of Knowledge and Motivation with Compliance in Taking Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in TB Patients at North Bontang Health Center 1

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment requires six months of continuous Anti-Tuberculosis Drug (OAT) therapy; non-compliance leads to treatment failure and Multi-Drug Resistant TB. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between patient knowledge and motivation with medication compliance among TB patients at the North Bontang Health Center 1, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved tuberculosis patients at North Bontang 1 Health Center. From a total registered population of 325 patients, a strict purposive sampling technique was applied based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 30 eligible patients who participated in this study during the period of December 2024 to January 2025. Data on knowledge and motivation were collected using structured questionnaires; compliance was determined via triangulation (interviews, TB Form 01, PMO). Bivariate analysis used the Fisher's Exact Test (n=30). Results showed the majority demonstrated good knowledge (83.3%) and high motivation (90.0%), resulting in a high overall compliance rate (93.3%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between knowledge and compliance (p=0.006). No statistically significant relationship was found between motivation and compliance (p=0.193), likely due to data homogeneity

Analysis of Drug Use and Potential Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes Inpatients at a Type C Hospital, Kediri (2024)

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Bachelor of Pharmacy, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Indonesia

Corresponding Author: anisdhafin13@unik-kediri.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence and frequent comorbidities, particularly hypertension, which often require multidrug therapy and increase the risk of drug interactions. This study aimed to analyze the pattern of antidiabetic drug use and the potential for drug interactions in hospitalized patients with T2DM at a type C hospital in Kediri City during June–December 2024. The research employed a retrospective descriptive design using medical record data of 44 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in frequency distribution tables. Results showed that the most commonly prescribed drug class was biguanides (26.25%), followed by sulfonylureas (21%), insulin (21%), and α-glucosidase inhibitors (12.5%). Combination therapy was widely used, particularly the combination of two oral antidiabetic agents. Potential drug interactions were identified in 72.73% of patients, with moderate interactions being the most frequent (78.13%), followed by minor (12.5%) and major (9.38%) interactions. The most common interactions included metformin with amlodipine or ramipril (moderate severity), captopril with hydrochlorothiazide (minor severity), and simvastatin with amlodipine (major severity). However, in this study polypharmacy was defined as the concomitant use of ≥5 medications. These findings indicate that such polypharmacy in T2DM patients with hypertension substantially increases the likelihood of drug interactions, underscoring the importance of careful monitoring and rational prescribing to improve patient safety

Computational Analysis of Biflavonoid Derivatives through Molecular Docking on ALK Kinase Receptor as Potential Inhibitors of A549 Cell Proliferation

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, it ranks third after cervical and breast cancers, with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) being the most prevalent type, accounting for 85–88% of cases. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a key molecular target in NSCLC, contributing significantly to carcinogenesis. However, resistance to current ALK-targeted therapies poses a major challenge. To address this, new drug discovery efforts are urgently needed. While drug development is typically time-consuming and costly, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) offers an efficient strategy at the early stages. Biflavonoid derivatives have shown anticancer potential but are limited by poor solubility and low activity, warranting further optimization. This study explores structural modifications of biflavonoid derivatives to identify potential ALK inhibitors. The results indicate that the modified compounds (Compounds A and B) demonstrated binding affinities comparable to the reference drug, Entrectinib, suggesting their promise as novel anticancer candidates.

Anticholesterol Activity of Combined Binahong and Keji Beling Leaf Extracts in Mice (Mus musculus)

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the human body, with approximately 80% produced endogenously by the liver and the remaining 20% obtained from dietary sources. Elevated total cholesterol levels in the blood increase the risk of various health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, and even stroke. Prolonged elevation can lead to plaque formation in blood vessels, resulting in impaired circulation and potentially life-threatening complications. The use of synthetic cholesterol-lowering drugs is often associated with unwanted side effects, including liver toxicity, muscle pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. This has prompted increasing interest in safer, natural alternatives such as herbal medicine, which is perceived to provide fewer side effects and additional health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cholesterol activity of a combination of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) and Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus) leaf extracts in mice (Mus musculus) induced with a high-cholesterol diet. The extraction method employed was maceration, using 96% ethanol as the solvent to ensure optimal phytochemical yield. The experimental design consisted of five groups: a negative control group, a positive control group, and three treatment groups receiving combinations of Binahong and Keji Beling extracts in ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1. Total cholesterol levels were measured using the Point of Care Test (POCT) method. The results showed that all treatment groups experienced a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.001 < 0.05). The most effective reduction was observed in the 1:1 ratio group, with a decrease of 45.39%, followed by the 3:1 group (27.80%) and the 1:3 group (14.17%). These findings indicate strong potential for development as an effective and safe herbal alternative for lowering cholesterol levels.

Self-Medication With Antibiotics By The People Of East Mamungaa Village

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

The unsupervised use of antibiotics continues to be a pressing public health issue because it may contribute to antimicrobial resistance and increase the likelihood of unwanted health effects. A community’s understanding of when and how antibiotics should be used is one factor that can influence self-medication practices. For this reason, research sought for eva;uatng level knowledge related to independent antibiotic use among residents of East Mamungaa Village. A quantitative descriptive observational approach was selected as it enables a clear depiction of knowledge patterns within the population. A total of 172 individuals 18–65 years asked by purposive sampling, and information was obtained using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge of indications, safety considerations, and appropriate antibiotic use. The results indicate that 60.5% of participants possessed a moderate level of knowledge, 28.5% demonstrated a good level of knowledge, and 11.0% showed limited knowledge. These outcomes reveal that although most respondents have a basic awareness of antibiotics, important gaps remain—especially in recognizing the dangers of using these medications without clinical guidance. Accordingly, continuous community-based education efforts are needed to strengthen proper antibiotic practices and minimize the risks associated with self-medication.

Compliance Analysis of Vaccine Storage and Distribution at the Samarinda Pharmacy Installation in December 2024

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Vaccines are very susceptible to damage, so vaccine management requires special handling. Vaccines if handled not according to the provisions can cause damage to the vaccine so that it reduces or eliminates the potential, and can even cause post-immunization adverse events when administered. The objective of this study is to assess the compliance of immunization vaccine storage and distribution at Samarinda Pharmacy Installation with the Good Distribution Practices (GDP) Guidelines of 2020 and Guidelines for Vaccine Management in Healthcare Facilities of 2021 for the period December 2024. This research approach is qualitative research. Qualitative research is presented in descriptive form. Data collection was carried out by observation using a checklist, document observation in 2024 and interviews with the pharmacist in charge. The population in this study were all immunization vaccines stored at the Samarinda Pharmacy Installation. The results obtained will be compared with the guidelines of good distribution practice and the guidelines for vaccine management in health facilities. Based on the results of the study conducted at Samarinda Pharmacy Installation, the compliance of vaccine storage was 67% based on the GDPN Guidelines of 2020 and 94% based on the Guidelines for Vaccine Management in Healthcare Facilities of 2021. The compliance rate of vaccine distribution was 83% based on the GDP Guidelines of 2020 and 100% based on the Guidelines for Vaccine Management in Healthcare Facilities of 2021.

Formulation and Characteristic Effervescent Tablets of Water Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) With Variation Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Lagenaria siceraria, commonly known as bottle gourd, is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family that contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, vitamin C, and saponins with potential antioxidant properties. This study aimed to develop effervescent tablets from Lagenaria siceraria using varying concentrations of sodium bicarbonate based on a Full Factorial Design method. The independent variable was the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, while the dependent variables included flow properties, angle of repose, moisture content, organoleptic characteristics, weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and dissolution time. Results showed that flow rate ranged from 5.1 ± 0.007 to 5.49 ± 0.025 seconds (p = 0.004), angle of repose from 25.21 ± 0.42 to 25.5 ± 0.024 degrees (p = 0.026), and moisture content from 3.08 ± 0.09 to 4.71 ± 0.027% (p = 0.080). The tablets met the requirements for weight and size uniformity. Tablet hardness ranged from 6.44 ± 1.42 to 7.75 ± 0.56 kP (p = 0.016), friability from 0.16 to 0.81% (p = 0.055), and dissolution time from 1.82 ± 0.02 to 1.96 ± 0.01 minutes (p = 0.047). In conclusion, variations in sodium bicarbonate concentration significantly affected flow properties, angle of repose, hardness, and dissolution time, but had no significant effect on moisture content and friability.

Keywords: Lagenaria siceraria; sodium bicarbonate; effervescent tablet

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsions Combination of Black Cumin Seed Oil (Nigella sativa L.) and Moringa Seed Oil (Moringa oleifera L.) as Sunscreen

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Nanoemulsion preparations can improve quality and facilitate the penetration of active ingredients into the skin. Black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa L.) and Moringa seed oil (Moringa oleifera L.) contain flavonoids that can absorb UV rays. This study aims to determine the physical properties and SPF value of nanoemulsion preparations as a sunscreen combination of black cumin seed oil and moringa seed oil. Nanoemulsion preparations with variations in the concentration of black cumin seed oil: moringa seed oil at F1 4:0, F2 0:4, F3 2:2, F4 3:1 and F5 1:3. Nanoemulsion preparations are evaluated for their physical and chemical properties such as organoleptis test, pH, viscosity, percent transmittance, particle determination test and SPF value. The results showed that variations in the concentration of black cumin seed oil and moringa seed oil affected to the test except in viscosity, statistical tests on pH tests and SPF tests have significant differences. The results of the transmittance percent test, perticle size test and polydispersity index of the preparation are in the ideal range. The potential zeta test results of the preparation do not fall within the ideal range. Black cumin seed oil and moringa seed oil in nanoemulsion preparations meet the parameters of good physical properties, organoleptis test, pH test, viscosity test, transmittance percent test, , while in particle determination test it does not meet the requirements on potential zeta measurement. Formula 1 is the optimal formula of nanoemulsion preparations as sunscreens.

Nanococrystals in Pharmaceutical Development: Design, Characterization, and Applications

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Drug solubility is a fundamental challenge in pharmaceutical development, especially for oral dosage forms where poor solubility limits therapeutic effectiveness. Among the approaches explored to address this issue, cocrystals and nanocrystals have shown notable advantages in improving physicochemical properties and drug delivery. Nanococrystals, which integrate the principles of both systems, represent a promising platform with potential benefits in solubility, bioavailability, and stability. This study was designed as a systematic literature review of publications from 2015 to 2025 retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Relevant studies were analyzed thematically to provide insights into nanococrystal design, including the role of active pharmaceutical ingredients, coformers, stabilizers, and solvents. Fabrication methods such as antisolvent precipitation, wet milling, high pressure homogenization, and spray flash evaporation were reviewed alongside characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, spectroscopy, and microscopy. Applications of nanococrystals consistently demonstrate significant improvements in solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability compared to conventional forms, confirming their potential as an advanced drug delivery strategy for future pharmaceutical development.

Larvicidal Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) Leaves and Fruits Against Aedes aegypti

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Dengue fever vector control uses abate chemicals can harm the ecosystem. One of the plants that can be used as a natural larvicide is bidara. Bidara leaves and fruits easily available and contains flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins. The compound have an impact on the mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Contains study design, subject, methods, data collection and data analysis. Research on ethanol extract of bidara leaves and bidara fruit with Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) was experimental laboratory design with post-test only controlled group design. The technique of extraction is maseration. The larvae of Aedes aegypti instar III-IV are used, 800 in total, divided into 8 groups. At 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours, the number of dead larvae was counted .Normality and homegenity tests obtained the results of data not normally distributed and not homogeneous, so it is necessary to do the Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric test followed by Mann-Whitney post hoc .The result is bidara leaf extract with a concentration of 1.5% + 3% PEG resulted in 100% larval death in the 24th hour, meanwhile bidara fruit extract with concentration of 1.5% + 3% PEG resulted 70% larval death in 24^th hour. Ethanol extract of bidara leaves has better effectiveness than bidara fruit extract in its ability as a larvicide, where bidara leaf extract with a concentration of 1.5% + 3% PEG resulted in 100% larval death in the 24th hour.

Evaluation of the Use of an Electronic Prescription System Using the HOT-Fit Approach at the Pharmacy Installation of UNS Hospital Surakarta

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

The e-Prescribing system has become an essential part of the digitalization of healthcare services aimed at improving accuracy, efficiency, and patient safety. Despite being adopted in many hospitals, the implementation of this system in Indonesia still faces challenges, including limited user understanding, uneven organizational support, and limited technological infrastructure. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the e-Prescribing system at the Pharmacy Installation of UNS Hospital Surakarta using the HOT-FIT model, which assesses the Human, Organization, and Technology dimensions, as well as the Fishbone diagram to identify the root causes of the challenges faced. A mixed-methods approach was used, with quantitative data collected through questionnaires distributed to 30 pharmacy staff, analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson validity tests, and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability tests. The results showed that all questionnaire items were valid, with Pearson correlation values ranging from 0.518 to 0.898 and Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.918, indicating a very high level of internal consistency. The Human Fit dimension had a mean score of 4.2 (SD 0.5), Organization Fit 4.3 (SD 0.4), Technology Fit 4.5 (SD 0.3), and Net Benefit 4.6 (SD 0.2), indicating a positive impact on efficiency and user satisfaction. However, challenges related to inadequate training, slow system access, and limited integration with other systems remain. Fishbone analysis identified six key factors affecting system performance. The study concludes that while the e-Prescribing system shows positive results, improvements in training, infrastructure, and system integration are needed to enhance its effectiveness.

Antidiarrhoeal Potential of Secondary Metabolites in Betel Leaf (Piper betle): A Systematic Review with Radar Chart Analysis and AUC Evaluation.

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Diarrhoea is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder commonly caused by microbial infection, inflammation, or impaired intestinal function. While synthetic antidiarrhoeal drugs are available, their use is often limited by adverse effects and antimicrobial resistance, prompting increasing interest in medicinal plants such as Piper betle (betel leaf). This study systematically reviewed the literature to identify secondary metabolite compounds in Piper betle with antidiarrhoeal potential and to evaluate their biological activities using Radar Chart Analysis (RCA) and Area Under Curve (AUC) methods. A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using predefined keywords. Inclusion criteria comprised studies that investigated Piper betle or its secondary metabolites, reported antidiarrhoeal or related bioactivity, and provided quantitative data suitable for comparison. Studies were excluded if they focused solely on synthetic drugs, were not available in full text, or did not report measurable metabolite data. A total of 35 eligible studies were included after screening 176 records. The findings indicate that flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and catechins in Piper betle contribute to antidiarrhoeal effects through mechanisms that modulate intestinal motility, reduce fluid secretion, activate anti-inflammatory pathways, and exhibit antimicrobial activity. RCA and AUC analyses further demonstrated substantial variability in metabolite composition and antioxidant capacity across studies. Overall, Piper betle exhibits promising therapeutic potential as a natural antidiarrhoeal agent, although further mechanistic and clinical research is warranted.

Cost Minimization Analysis of Antibiotic Drug Use in Pneumonia Patients at Udayana Class II Hospital

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, with a high economic burden mainly due to antibiotic use, which consumes a large portion of hospital budgets. This study aimed to analyze the cost-minimization of antibiotic therapy in hospitalized pneumonia patients at Tk II Udayana Hospital. A descriptive non-experimental retrospective study was conducted using medical records of pneumonia inpatients at Tk.II Udayana Hospital from January to December 2023. A total of 138 patients met the inclusion criteria. Data analyzed included demographics, length of stay, and direct medical costs. Cost minimization analysis was performed by comparing the average direct medical costs of each antibiotic therapy. Of 233 medical records screened, only 138 fulfilled the criteria. Male patients (53.6%) were slightly more than females (46.4%), with the majority aged 1–5 years (64.5%). Most patients had a length of stay of 1–7 days (99.3%). Antibiotics used included Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Azithromycin, Cefoperazone, and Cefixime (monotherapy or combination). The highest direct medical cost was found in Ceftriaxone monotherapy (IDR 1,973,061 ± 393,521), while the lowest was in Cefixime monotherapy (IDR 1,574,659 ± 39,208). Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference in costs based on the length of stay (p=0.123). Cefixime monotherapy was the most cost-minimization therapy for pneumonia inpatients at Tk.II Udayana Hospital, with equal clinical effectiveness but lower costs compared to other therapies. This finding may serve as a consideration for hospital formulary development to improve budget efficiency without compromising quality of care.

In Silico Evaluation of Cinnamaldehyde and Its Analogues as Potential Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Antidiabetic Therapy

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that can impact the health and well-being of patients in the long term. According to the International Diabetes Federation (2025), DM sufferers in Indonesia numbered 20.4 million in 2024. This figure is expected to increase to 28.6 million in 2050, DM treatment by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase receptor. Cinnamaldehyde compounds have antidiabetic activity. This in silico study aims to determine the potential of cinnamaldehyde compounds and their analogs against alpha-glucosidase receptors as antidiabetics. Data on cinnamaldehyde compounds and their analogs were collected through the PubChem database and the alpha-glucosidase structure from the PDB database with the code 3TOP. This study evaluated cinnamaldehyde and its six analogs using molecular docking simulations on alpha-glucosidase receptors with tools such as PyRx 0.8, AutoDockTools-1.5.6, and Biovia Discovery Studio 2024, as well as pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions using the pkCSM web tools and Lipinski's Rule of Five. The Lipinski's Rule of Five prediction results indicate that acarbose does not meet Lipinski's criteria. In contrast, cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives meet these criteria. Docking analysis shows that acarbose (7.1 kcal/mol) has the highest binding affinity for α-glucosidase, but cinnamaldehyde and its analogs (6.0–6.4 kcal/mol) still exhibit strong interactions at the enzyme's active residues. The ADMET profile supports the potential of cinnamaldehyde as an antidiabetic candidate with a broader systemic action range and a better pharmacokinetic profile than acarbose.

Topical Metformin In Dermatology: A Narrative Review Of Efficacy And Formulation Approaches

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Metformin, a well-established first-line oral antidiabetic agent, has recently attracted interest in dermatology because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerative properties. The skin, being vulnerable to aging and environmental damage, is a promising target for topical metformin therapy, although its clinical translation remains limited. This narrative review critically examines current evidence on topical metformin in dermatological applications and explores formulation approaches to optimize its cutaneous delivery. A thematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2015 and 2025, focusing on studies of topical metformin for skin disorders. The final selection included 13 articles on wound healing, 5 on melasma, 1 on acne, 1 on psoriasis, and 1 on alopecia, all meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research were synthesized into three themes: pharmacological rationale, therapeutic efficacy, and formulation strategies. Promising results have been reported in melasma, acne, psoriasis, alopecia, and wound healing, where topical metformin has been shown to modulate melanogenesis, accelerate wound closure, reduce inflammatory cytokines, enhance hair regrowth, and support scar-free repair. Diverse formulations, including hydrogels, ethosomes, lipid nanoparticles, and niosomes, have been designed to improve skin penetration, drug retention, and therapeutic benefit while limiting systemic exposure

In-Silico Analysis And Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Sida rhombifolia Compounds as Candidate Antibacterial Agents Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2026-01-28T03:15:52+00:00

Antibiotic resistance has become a critical issue in global health, one of which is MRSA. The dynamic problem related to the increasing MRSA infections is clear evidence that the treatment and management of this disease have not been optimally resolved, requiring the development of effective antimicrobial agents against MRSA. An exploratory method was used to assess the antibacterial activity, interaction patterns, and stability of sidaguri compounds. A total of 15 potential compounds from sidaguri were docked onto four molecular targets: PBP2a (4JCN), MecR1 (609S), FtsZ (8HTB), and SCCmec (4FAK), using the molecular docking methods AutodockTools and PyMol, followed by analysis of the amino acid residue similarity of each test ligand. The molecular docking results predicted that the compounds with the best binding affinity and interaction patterns similar to the natural ligand for their respective molecular targets were quercetin, ecdysone, and 24-methylenecholesterol. The validation parameters are calculated from RMSD and RMSF based on the In-Silico predictions. MD simulations were performed using YASARA Dynamics. The MD simulation results showed that, from the RMSD and RMSF graphs of the MRSA target molecules, quercetin, ecdysone, and 24-methylenecholesterol exhibited binding stability close to that of the natural ligand. The predicted pharmacokinetic profiles show that all three compounds have a good ADMET profile, with optimal absorption potential, adequate distribution, appropriate metabolism, and relatively low toxicity, making them promising candidates for development as antibacterial drugs against MRSA

The Factors Affecting Patient Safety Incidents (PSIs) Reporting at Indonesian Hospitals: A Literature Review

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Underreporting of PSIs hampers efforts to improve service quality and patient safety (PS), as unreported incidents cannot be analyzed for future learning or prevention. This study employed a literature review method by searching online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Garuda Kemdikbud. The inclusion criteria were original articles published within the last five years, available in full text, open access, and written in English or Indonesian. A total of 33 articles met these criteria. The synthesis identified three main factors influencing PSI reporting in Indonesian hospitals: individual, organizational, and external factors. Individual factors include knowledge, attitudes and motivation, perceptions and fears, and demographic characteristics. Organizational factors consist of patient safety culture (PSC), leadership and management support, feedback mechanisms, reporting systems, and socialization and training. External factors are mainly related to government support and national policies.

Improvement of Mother’s Knowledge to Common 65s`Cold Treatment in Children Using Leaflet Through CBIA Method In Tamansari Village

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

The common cold is a frequently occurring disease in children. An approach to control the disease is through health education using the Cara Belajar Ibu Aktif (CBIA) method alongside a leaflet media. Family knowledge, particularly that of the mother, plays a crucial role in preventing the transmission of the common cold in children. Knowledge is formed as a result of new understanding. This study used quantitative quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The study population consisted of mothers in Tamansari Village, Tlogowungu Subdistrict, Pati Regency. Samples were selected using simple random sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected door-to-door using structured questionnaires administered before and after the educational intervention. The results showed that maternal knowledge was generally poor before the intervention. Following the CBIA-based health education, maternal knowledge significantly improved. The proportion of mothers with good knowledge increased from 58.6% to 73.7%, while the proportion with poor knowledge decreased from 32.3% to 9.0% Statistical analysis using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test revealed a significant difference in maternal knowledge before and after the intervention (p = 0.000 < 0.05). Health education using the CBIA method supported by leaflet media is an effective approach for improving maternal knowledge regarding the treatment of the common cold in children.

Analgesic Effectiveness Study Of N-4t-Butylbenzoyl Acetate Compound In Male Balb-C Strain Mice

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

This study aims to understand the activity and effective dose of N-4t-butylbenzoyl Acetate compound as a pain reliever. The analgesic activity test conducted was divided into 5 treatment groups. The analgesic effect test was performed using male mice from the Balb-C strain. In each test, each group consisted of 5 experimental animals. The first group (negative control) was given 1% Na-CMC suspension; the second group (positive control) received 400 mg/kgBW ibuprofen; while the third, fourth, and fifth groups were successively given 200, 400, and 600 mg/kgBW of N-4t-butylbenzoyl Acetate compound, respectively. After the treatment was given to each test animal, an analgesic test was conducted with a 30-minute interval. After that, it was injected with 1% acetic acid and observed for 180 minutes; every 10 minutes, the movement was observed for all treatments. The analysis was carried out by comparing the number of movements (writing reflex). Data analysis was performed statistically using ANOVA (analysis of variance). The number of mouse activities produced by male mice of the Balb-C strain showed that the N-4t-butylbenzoyl acetate compound at a dose of 1.56 mg had the highest activity, % protection, and % analgesic effectiveness compared to the other two doses. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in all treatments of the N-4t-butylbenzoyl acetate compound when compared to ibuprofen (positive control)

The Relationship Between Pregnant Women’s Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Toward Tetanus Toxoid Immunization

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Tetanus Toxoid (TT) immunization remains a critical strategy in preventing maternal and neonatal deaths caused by tetanus. Despite its proven effectiveness, TT immunization coverage in Indonesia including in Pekanbaru City remains below target. Among the contributing factors are pregnant women's levels of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, which are believed to significantly influence immunization uptake. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and their participation in TT immunization programs across three health center areas in Pekanbaru: Simpang Tiga, Rejosari, and Okura. Methods: A descriptive analytic quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 111 pregnant women who attended antenatal care (ANC) visits in May 2025. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, Spearman Rank correlation, Cramer’s V, and logistic regression, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The study found statistically significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among the three health center areas (p < 0.05). Notably, good knowledge did not always correspond to positive attitudes—many well-informed respondents still exhibited negative attitudes. However, a strong correlation was observed between attitude and behavior (Cramer’s V = 0.552). Logistic regression revealed that knowledge (OR = 0.201; p = 0.005), attitude (OR = 2.068; p = 0.036), and behavior (OR = 5.660; p < 0.001) significantly influenced TT immunization uptake, with behavior emerging as the most dominant factor. Conclusion: Efforts to improve TT immunization coverage must go beyond knowledge-based education and focus on fostering positive attitudes and reinforcing supportive behaviors. Behavior-centered interventions and effective communication by health workers are essential to strengthen immunization outcomes.

Computational Investigation of α-Glucosidase Inhibition by Phytochemical Compounds from Muntingia calabura L. Leaves: Insights into Potential Antidiabetic Agents

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a degenerative disease that poses a major global health problem. It is characterized by increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Common therapeutic agents for DM include sulfonylureas, biguanides, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. However, the use of α-glucosidase inhibitors is often associated with several issues such as the presence of non-intestinal α-glucosidase in various body cells, gastrointestinal side effects (diarrhea, bloating, abdominal discomfort), and high IC₅₀ values indicating low potency and efficacy against the α-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to explore the potential of flavonoid compounds from Muntingia calabura L. (kersen) leaves as α-glucosidase inhibitors through in silico analysis. The study was conducted using molecular docking to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction of flavonoid compounds with the α-glucosidase enzyme. The docking results showed that 8 ligands test exhibited strong binding affinities, inhibitors constants, and stable interactions with the active site of α-glucosidase, comparable to standard inhibitors (acarbose). The two most promising ligands as α-glucosidase inhibitors were identified as 20,40-Dihydroxy-30-methoxydihydrochalcone (50) and (-)-30-Methoxy-20,40,β-trihydroxydihydrochalcone (51), exhibiting binding affinities and inhibition constants of –7.33 kcal/mol; 4.27 μM and –7.30 kcal/mol; 4.45 μM, respectively, have promising potential as natural α-glucosidase inhibitors and may serve as lead compounds for the development of new antidiabetic agents. Their inhibitory potential was further supported by favorable ADMET parameters and compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Antibacterial Activity of Siam Weed Extract (Chromolaena odorata L.) Against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Infectious diseases are one of the main health problems in developed and developing countries. The prevalence of nosocomial infections reaches 15.74% and dental caries infections reach 88.8% caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptocuccus mutans bacteria. To overcome bacterial infections, people usually use antibiotics, however, the use of antibiotics that are not appropriate and appropriate to the indications can cause antibiotic resistance or Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Therefore, this study aims to test the effectiveness of siam weed leaf extract (Chromolaena odorata L.) in inhibiting the growth of bacteria that cause infections. Siam weed leaf extract was prepared using the maceration method with 96% ethanolic solvent accompanied by extract quality control and active compound content testing. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method to see and measure the area of inhibition zone. The results founded that siam extract has good water content, total ash content and weed acid insoluble ash content, which are below 10%, 16.6% and 0.7%. The antibacterial activity test of siam weed leaf extract obtained an inhibition zone diameter of 15.1 mm in Streptococcus mutans bacteria and 18.2 mm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, siam weed extract also qualitatively contains active secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols and tannins. This concluded that siam weed leaves extract of has a characteristics that meet the requirements, containing secondary metabolite compounds and has antibacterial activity against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

ANALYSIS OF DEXAMETHASONE AND PARACETAMOL CONTENT IN HERBAL MEDICINES FOR MUSCLE PAIN IN TERNATE CITY USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

Jamu Pegal Linu (herbal medicines for muscle pain) is one of the most commonly consumed traditional herbal drinks to relieve muscle soreness and pain caused by fatigue. The high demand for jamu has led to some irresponsible producers adding Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). The APIs commonly found are paracetamol and dexamethasone. This is a violation of the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Number 007 of 2012 concerning Traditional Medicine Registration, which states that traditional medicine must not contain pharmaceutical chemicals. To detect the presence of paracetamol and dexamethasone in jamu pegal linu in Ternate City, 10 samples were analyzed qualitatively using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with a mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (9:1), and quantitatively using validated UV-Vis spectrophotometry methods, including linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, and determination of content. Based on TLC testing, 5 samples were suspected to contain paracetamol, and 3 were suspected to contain dexamethasone. The validation results showed that all parameters met the requirements: R² ≥ 0.99, recovery 85.289–92.541%, RSD ≤ 0.79%, LOD 0.204–0.336 µg/mL. Based on qualitative analysis using TLC and quantitative analysis using UV–Visible spectrophotometry, several jamu pegal linu products sold in Ternate City were found to contain active pharmaceutical ingredients. Of the ten samples analyzed, 30% were suspected to contain dexamethasone and 50% were suspected to contain paracetamol. These findings indicate a significant presence of pharmaceutical adulterants in herbal medicines marketed in Ternate City. However, confirmatory analysis using more specific techniques such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is recommended to strengthen the validity of the results.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate, n-Hexane, and Aqueous Fractions of White Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) Leaves against Escherichia coli

2026-01-19T06:20:50+00:00

This study aims to conduct a phytochemical screening and evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and aqueous fractions of white teak (Tectona grandis Linn f.) leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify active compounds with potential antibacterial properties, such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The antibacterial activity was tested using the disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to determine the inhibition zone, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The diffusion test results showed that ethanol extract (11.3 ± 1.02 mm) and the ethyl acetate fraction (18.1 ± 2.46 mm) exhibited significant antibacterial activity, whereas the n-hexane and aqueous fractions did not show any inhibition zones. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated a significant difference in antibacterial activity among the treatment groups (F = 163.29; p < 0.05). The broth dilution test revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction had an MIC at a concentration of 12.5%, with an MBC at 25%.