MEDFARM: Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan

Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Case Review and Therapeutic Considerations in an Adult Patient

Cindy Elvionita — 2026-06-30

Plasmodium vivax malaria remains a major health problem in tropical countries due

to its high relapse rate and various hematological manifestations that may worsen

the patient’s condition. This case report aimed to describe the clinical

manifestations, laboratory findings, and evaluation of therapeutic rationality in a

patient with Plasmodium vivax malaria during hospitalization. The study was

conducted using a case report method involving a 22-year-old male patient who

presented with periodic fever accompanied by chills for one week after traveling

from a malaria-endemic area. Laboratory examination revealed microcytic

hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, mild thrombocytopenia, and malaria parasites

identified on peripheral blood smear examination. The patient received supportive

therapy including intravenous Ringer Lactate fluid, paracetamol, omeprazole,

domperidone, and ferrous sulfate, as well as definitive therapy consisting of

dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) for three days and primaquine for 14 days.

The evaluation showed that most of the therapies administered were in accordance

with national guidelines and WHO recommendations for uncomplicated P. vivax

malaria. However, the absence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

enzyme activity testing prior to primaquine administration was considered one of

the limitations in patient management. During hospitalization, the patient showed

clinical improvement without severe complications. The management of P. vivax

malaria requires a comprehensive approach including early diagnosis, rational

therapy, clinical monitoring, and patient education to prevent relapse and improve

therapeutic outcomes.

Hydrogel Eye Patch Combination of Tomato Extract and Astaxanthin as Anti-Aging

Dessy Erliani Mugita Sari — 2026-06-30

Wrinkles are a signs of skin aging caused by intrinsic factors (dryness, thinning, wrinkles) and extrinsic factors like UV exposure, which increases Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and thereby triggering premature aging. Anti-aging efforts can be carried out through the use of cosmetic products, particularly topical agents containing antioxidants and cell regulators. This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the anti-aging effectiveness, of a combination of tomato extract and astaxanthin in the form of a hydrogel eye patch.

The formulations were prepared in four variations, namely F0 as the base, F1 containing 1% tomato extract, F2 containing 1% astaxanthin, and F3 as a combination of both. Based on the test results, the best formula was F3, which contained a combination of tomato extract and astaxanthin. The evaluations conducted included organoleptic tests, weight and size uniformity, pH, swelling capacity, elasticity, and anti-aging effectiveness.

The effectiveness test results showed that F3 provided the best result with a value of 61%. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA showed a significance value of less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between before and after the use of the hydrogel eye patch. Overall, the formulations F1, F2, and F3 met the applicable requirements and demonstrated that the combination of tomato extract and astaxanthin is effective for use in hydrogel eye patch formulations as an anti-aging agent, where as F0 did not meet the physical characteristics requirement, particularly in the pH evaluation, where the results exceeded the normal pH of human skin.

Assesment of Antibiotic Prescribing Practices in Hospital X, Malang Regency: A Gyssens Method

Erna Susanti — 2026-06-30

Antibiotic resistance remains a major problem in medicine. The therapy and goals of antibiotic treatment given to patients do not meet the expected therapeutic targets due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. The long-term goal of this study is to achieve the rationality of antibiotic use based on the results of a qualitative analysis of antibiotic use at Hospital X, Malang Regency using the Gyssen method. The main goal to be achieved is to prevent antibiotic resistance in hospitals due to irrational use. The specific objective of this study is to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic use among patients in the Internal Medicine, surgical, and obstetrics-gynecology departments based on Gyssens criteria.

This study uses a retrospective descriptive method to provide a general overview of antibiotic use at Hospital X, Malang Regency. The sample consisted of patient medical records and antibiotic administration record data, including 50 internal patients, 50 surgical patients, and 40 Obgyn patients.

The results showed that ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic across Internal Medicine, surgical, and Obgyn cases. Based on the Gyssens analysis, antibiotic use was classified into categories 0, I, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and V, with the highest proportion observed in category IIIB. Overall, the findings indicate that antibiotic use at Hospital X, Malang Regency predominantly falls into category IIIA, suggesting issues related to the duration of therapy.

Anti-Inflammatory And Antipyretic Activity Of Faloak Stem Bark (Sterqulia Quadrifida, R.Br) In Dpt-Hb Vaccine-Induced Mice

Stefany S.A Fernandez — 2026-06-30

Faloak Bark (Sterculia quadrifida) has traditionally been used in East Nusa Tenggara to treat various diseases. Its secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, have been identified as bioactive compounds. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Sterculia quadrifida Bark (SQ) as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. Male Swiss Webster mice were used as test subjects after acclimatization. Two samples were used in this study: Ethanol Extract of Sterculia quadrifida (EESQ) for anti-inflammatory testing and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Sterculia quadrifida (FESQ) for antipyretic testing. This study involved five groups: negative control (CMC), positive control of Diclofenac Sodium (SD, 6.5 mg/KgBw) and Paracetamol (PCT, 65 mg/KgBw), and test group receiving EESQ at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/KgBw, and FESQ at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/KgBw. This study confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in Sterculia quadrifida. Both EESQ and FESQ showed anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects comparable to the positive control, starting at doses of 200 mg/KgBw and 50 mg/KgBw, respectively. Higher doses showed more substantial antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that SQ bark has the potential to be developed into an effective traditional medicine for treating fever and inflammation. Further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans for chronic use.

The Rational Use of Human Serum Albumin and its Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Hypoalbuminemic Patients

Zida Naswa Febriana — 2026-06-30

Background: Hypoalbuminemia is defined as a serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL, with clinically significant levels <2.5 g/dL associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is administered to increase serum albumin levels; however, its use requires evaluation to ensure rational prescribing and optimal therapeutic outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of HSA use, analyze changes in serum albumin levels, and determine the relationship between the rationality of HSA use and albumin level achievement in hospitalized patients with hypoalbuminemia at Bhayangkara Hospital Kediri. Methods: This observational retrospective study used medical records of patients hospitalized from January to December 2025. A total of 32 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were selected using total sampling. Data were analyzed using the Paired t-test and Chi-Square test. Results: Most patients were male (59.37%), aged >60 years (65.63%), and hospitalized for <10 days (78.13%). Among patients receiving 20% HSA therapy, 28 patients (87.50%) received rational therapy, while 4 patients (12.50%) received irrational therapy based on the 2023 National Formulary criteria. Paired t-test analysis showed a significant increase in serum albumin levels after HSA administration (p<0.05). However, Chi-Square analysis showed no significant association between the rationality of HSA use and achievement of albumin level improvement (p>0.05). Conclusion: HSA therapy significantly increased serum albumin levels, although rationality of use was not significantly associated with albumin target achievement

The Effectiveness Test Of Aromatherapy Candles Made From Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) Leaf Extract Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes

Weni Mulyani — 2026-06-30

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a virus transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti species. The use of natural insecticides is considered the safest method of control as it has minimal side effects. One of the natural insecticides that can be utilized to control DHF vectors is an insecticide rich in secondary metabolites, such as morel berry (Physalis angulata L.) leaves. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy candles made from morel berry leaf extract (Physalis angulata L.) against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This research was a quasi-experimental study with simple random sampling. The study consisted of four test groups: aromatherapy candles containing morel berry leaf extract at doses of 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg, as well as a negative control group. Observations were made over a 120-minute period. The mortality rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes after treatment was assessed through two tests: one conducted immediately and the other after three days of storage. In the immediate test, the mosquito mortality rate was 30% at 200 mg, 40% at 300 mg, and 60% at 400 mg. In the test after three days of storage, the mortality rate was 20% at 200 mg, 30% at 300 mg, and 80% at 400 mg. It can be concluded that aromatherapy candles made from morel berry leaf extract (Physalis angulata L.) are effective and stable in killing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Potential of Mentha spicata L. Leaf Extract Spray as an Antibacterial and Antiseptic Agent in an Infected Incision Wound Model: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Nabilla Putri Auliyah — 2026-06-30

Bacterial infections in incision wounds, predominantly caused by pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, present a critical challenge in post operative care. Mentha spicata L. leaves, rich in carvone and limonene, possess substantial potential as natural antibacterial and wound healing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the physical stability of a 70% ethanol fraction spray formulation of Mentha spicata L. and its in vivo healing efficacy on a Staphylococcus aureus infected incision wound model. Initially, an in vitro antibacterial screening against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was conducted using a 5% concentration of n-hexane, chloroform, and 70% ethanol fractions. The 70% ethanol fraction was determined as the optimal fraction against Staphylococcus aureus, exhibiting the highest diameter of zone of inhibition (DZH: 16.32 ± 0.31 mm), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed low sensitivity (5.26 ± 0.41mm) due to its robust biofilm barrier. This optimal fraction was formulated into a spray preparation at three concentrations: 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 20% (F3). Stability testing through 3 consecutive cycles of a cycling test confirmed that all formulations remained physically and chemically stable. For the in vivo efficacy test, threee male New Zealand White rabbits received a 2 cm incision wound inoculated with 10⁸ CFU/mL of Staphylococcus aureus. The treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring the relative wound area on Days 0, 7, and 14. Data were analyzed using Two Way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc LSD test (p < 0.05). In vivo results indicated that F3 (20%) significantly accelerated incision wound closure compared to the Negative Control (p < 0.05), showing an identical healing progression to the commercial antiseptic Positive Control (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the 70% ethanol fraction spray of Mentha spicata L. leaves at 20% is stable and effective, making it a promising phytopharmaceutical candidate for treating infected incision wounds.

Burn Wound Healing Activity Of Ethanol Extract Gel Of Guava Peel (Psidium Guajava Linn.) In Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus).

mohammad firdaus alshol — 2026-06-30

Traditional medicine using natural ingredients such as plants is becoming increasingly popular. Guava is a herbal plant used to treat various ailments, including burns. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) peel extract gel in healing second-degree burns in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and to determine the optimal dosage. This study used maceration and phytochemical screening methods, which identified alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Burns were induced using a hot metal on the rabbit's back. Twenty-five male rabbits weighing 1.5–2.5 kg were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5 per group). The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of a positive control (Bioplacenton gel), a negative control (no treatment), and guava peel extract gel at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%. CRD ensured that each treatment was assigned randomly to minimize experimental bias. Burn wound diameter was measured periodically throughout the treatment period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The results showed a significant difference between treatments (p = 0.000). 7% guava peel extract gel was the most effective treatment, showing the greatest reduction in burn diameter with an average reduction of 9.08 mm. These findings suggest that guava peel extract gel has potential as an alternative therapy for burn wound healing.

The Effect of Varying Concentrations of Mugwort Leaf Extract (Artemisia vulgaris L.) on SPF and Cream Physical Stability

Umi Nafisah — 2026-06-30

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) has antioxidant activity that can neutralize free radicals on the skin and also has sunscreen activity to protect the skin from UV exposure. This study highlights the benefits of the mugwort plant, which are currently unknown to the general public, requiring investigation into the formulation of its topical cream. This research aims to determine the stability of mugwort leaf extract cream and its SPF value. The extraction process uses the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. This study employed variations in mugwort leaf extract concentrations across formulas, starting from the control at 0% extract and increasing to 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The organoleptic test results of the cream in the control formula showed a white color and green color in F1 to F4, with a characteristic smell and a semi-solid texture. The physical quality test for homogeneity indicates that all formulas are homogeneous. The pH test results of the formulation obtained values of 4,74-5,49, which meet the skin pH standard. The spreadability results obtained values of 6,15-6,38 cm. The cream's viscosity was in the range of 4,870-4,950 cPs. The hedonic test results showed that panelists preferred F1 with an extract concentration of 0.5%. The SPF test yielded scores ranging from 6,45 to 14,71. All formulations were able to preserve the physical quality stability of the preparations, according to the findings of the stability test conducted using the cycling test.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cell Viability of Aegle marmelos Fruit Pulp Ethanolic Extract on SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cells

Sri Wahyuni — 2026-06-30

Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of cancer related mortality among women, emphasizing the need for safer more effective therapeutic strategies. Natural products are increasingly explored due to their diverse bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative methods. TPC was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu Assay, antioxidant activity by the DPPH method, and cytotoxic using MTT assay. The extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenoids. The TPC was 8.22 mg GAE / g extract, indicating relatively low phenolic content. Consistently, antioxidant activity was week, with an IC₅₀ value of approximately 712 ppm. The extract did not significantly reduce SKOV-3 cell viability, which remained above 90% at all tested concentrations. However, morphological changes, including cell shrinkage dan reduce adhesion, were observed at higher concentrations, suggesting sublethal cellular stress responses. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp exhibits the presence of bioactive compounds and limited biological activity but lacks strong cytotoxic effects against SKOV-3 cells. These findings indicate its potential role as chemopreventive or supportive agent rather than a primary anticancer compound. Further studies are required to identify active constituents and clarify underlying mechanism.

Stability Test Of Miana Leaf Extract (Coleus Atropurpureus) With The Addition Of Glycerol In The Diagnosis Of Parasitic Infections

Yeli Hartuti — 2026-06-30

Worm infections (Helminthiasis) are among the most common infections affecting children. Worm infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths result from contact with the eggs or larvae of these parasites, which develop in moist soil. One method for detecting parasitic worm infections is the Direct slide method using 2% eosin. Miana leaves (Coleus atropurpureus) are plants that contain anthocyanin pigments, producing purple, red, or blue colors, so extracts from miana leaves can be used in the identification of Soil Transmitted Helminth eggs. However, the stability and effectiveness of miana leaf extracts during storage are currently unknown. This study aims to determine the storage stability of miana leaf extract at 2–6°C with the addition of 0.5% and 1% glycerol in the diagnosis of helminth infections. This is a true experimental study with a post-test control design. Miana leaf extract was obtained through a maceration process using distilled water and 2% acetic acid (1:7) as solvents. Glycerol 0.5% and 1% were then added to the miana leaf extract, which was stored at 2–6°C and tested for staining stability on days 0, 5, 10, and 15. The results of the study on day 0 showed a score of 3 for all treatments. The extract without glycerol showed a decrease in stability on day 5 and onwards, as did the extract with the addition of 0.5% glycerol, which showed a decrease in stability on day 10 and onwards, while the addition of 1% glycerol maintained color stability until day 15. The results of the study can be concluded that the addition of 1% glycerol effectively maintains the stability of miana leaf extract for 15 days at a temperature of 2–6°C in the diagnosis of helminth infection .

Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seed Oil's α-Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Compounds in-Silico as Antidiabetic Agents Against PPAR-γ

Kadar Ismah — 2026-06-30

Despite it’s widespread usage in medical practice, conventional medicine is thought to cause unfavorable pharmacological reactions in the body. This is a therapy issue that is getting worse every year, particularly for people with diabetes mellitus. This study used pre-experimental computational techniques based on traditional Chinese medicine to offer a safer alternative therapy. Determining if substances in papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) are effective against the PPAR-γ receptor is the goal of this study. The chemicals α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid served as test ligands in this study, while rosiglitazone was utilized as a positive control to measure binding affinity using molecular docking with Autodock Tools 4 software. By getting an RMSD value of 1,110 Å, the study's findings demonstrated that the validation procedure had satisfied the requirements. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L) contain active chemicals that may have antidiabetic properties. Of these, α-linolenic acid had a stronger affinity (docking score of -6,82) than linoleic acid (docking score of -6,07). Each compound's highest score is known as the docking score. The SPSS paired T test was then used to evaluate the results. Data analysis using the paired T test reveals that there is a significant difference between the binding activity values of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid because the p value is less than 0.05. Based on data interpretation, the binding activity values of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid show that the data is normally distributed because the p value is >0.05..

Effect of Superdisintegrant Concentration on the Physical Properties of Diclofenac Sodium Orally Disintegrating Granules (ODGs)

Bangkit Riska Permata — 2026-06-30

The development of diclofenac sodium orally disintegrating granules (ODGs) offers a promising approach to improve patient compliance, particularly among pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic patients. Although crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) are widely used as superdisintegrants, limited information is available regarding their optimal combination in diclofenac sodium ODG formulations. This study aimed to optimize the combination of crospovidone and SSG by evaluating different crospovidone ratios (2.4:1–1:2), including an equal ratio (1:1), on the physical characteristics and disintegration performance of diclofenac sodium ODGs prepared by wet granulation. Six formulations were developed while maintaining constant concentrations of other excipients. The granules were evaluated for flow properties, particle size distribution, bulk and tapped density, Carr’s Index, Hausner’s ratio, moisture content, and disintegration time. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). All formulations exhibited excellent flowability, with angles of repose of 18.10–19.45°, Carr’s Index of 12.28–13.46%, Hausner’s ratio of 1.14–1.16, moisture content of 2.41–2.73%, and uniform particle size distribution (d50: 305–325 µm). All formulations complied with the European Pharmacopoeia disintegration requirement (<180 s), while F1, F2, and F4 also met the USP criterion (<30 s). Disintegration time ranged from 21.38 to 38.47 s and was significantly affected by the crospovidone–SSG ratio (p < 0.05). Formulation F4 demonstrated the fastest disintegration time (21.38 s) and the most favorable overall characteristics. These findings indicate that optimizing the crospovidone-SSG combination enhances disintegration performance while maintaining acceptable physical quality, making F4 a promising diclofenac sodium ODG formulation.

Ethnomedicinal Plants for Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic in Osing Tribe, East Java, Indonesia: A Review

Firnanda Rayhan Syah Falaini — 2026-06-30

The traditional medicinal knowledge of the Osing people in East Java, Indonesia, particularly concerning plants for inflammation and pain, is not systematically documented, hindering its scientific validation and potential integration into modern healthcare. This review aims to systematically document the ethnomedicinal plants used by the Osing community for anti-inflammatory and analgesic purposes, correlate this knowledge with existing scientific evidence, and perform taxonomic validation. A descriptive method was employed by collecting ethnomedicinal data from the RISTOJA (Riset Tumbuhan Obat dan Jamu) database. This was followed by a comprehensive literature review using scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect) to gather pharmacological evidence, and taxonomic verification was conducted using the World Flora Online (WFO) database. The study identified 40 plant species from 29 families traditionally used to treat various inflammatory and pain-related conditions, with Curcuma longa L. being the most frequently cited. The scientific validation revealed that 38 of these species (95%) have reported anti-inflammatory or analgesic activities, confirming the empirical knowledge of the Osing people. The findings highlight a strong correlation between traditional use and pharmacological evidence and identify Tectaria subpedata and Ruellia napifera as promising candidates for future research due to a lack of current scientific data. This research validates Osing ethnobotanical knowledge and provides a basis for developing novel phytopharmaceutical products.

Interaction Study of 2-Benzoxazolinone Derivatives with DPP-4 and Aldose Reductase Enzymes: Discovery of Novel Antidiabetic Agents

Aziez Ismunandar — 2026-06-30

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that represents a major global health burden. Its pathophysiology involves impaired insulin function, including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, and autoimmune-mediated β-cell destruction. The identification of effective therapeutic agents and novel molecular targets remains a priority in antidiabetic drug discovery. Among potential targets, Aldose Reductase (ALR2) and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) have attracted increasing interest because of their roles in DM progression and complications. Previous studies have suggested that 2-benzoxazolinone derivatives possess promising biological activities and may act as inhibitors of diabetes-related molecular targets. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction of selected 2-benzoxazolinone derivatives with ALR2 and DPP-4 using an in silico approach. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx integrated with AutoDock Vina, while BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer and MarvinSketch were utilized for ligand preparation and interaction analysis. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties were predicted using the pKCSM platform. The results showed that compounds 6b (-11.1 kcal/mol; 0.01 µM), 6d (-11.1 kcal/mol; 0.01 µM), and bv10 (-10.8 kcal/mol; 0.01 µM) exhibited binding affinities against ALR2 comparable to the reference inhibitor Zopolrestat (-12.2 kcal/mol; 0.001 µM). For DPP-4, compounds c26 (-7.9 kcal/mol; 1.62 µM), c4 (-7.8 kcal/mol; 1.91 µM), and c6 (-7.7 kcal/mol; 2.27 µM) demonstrated better docking performance than Vildagliptin (-6.6 kcal/mol; 14.5 µM). These compounds also showed generally favorable ADMET profiles. Therefore, they warrant further in vitro and in vivo studies as potential antidiabetic drug candidates.

Molecular Docking Study of Pongamia pinnata Phytochemicals as Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors for Atopic Dermatitis

Adinda Salsabila — 2026-06-30

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent itching, eczematous lesions, and associated with significant impairment in quality of life. Current therapies for AD, including corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, are often associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Pongamia pinnata is widely used in traditional medicine and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential of P. pinnata phytochemicals as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for atopic dermatitis through molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking analysis was conducted against phosphodiesterase-4 to evaluate their binding affinities and key amino acid residues compared to the native ligand and roflumilast as the reference drug. Subsequently, Lipinski’s Rule of Five was applied to assess the oral drug-likeness properties of the selected compounds. Karanjachromene exhibited the highest binding affinity toward PDE4 (ΔG = −8.17 kcal/mol), exceeding both the reference drug roflumilast (ΔG = −6.47 kcal/mol) and the native ligand (ΔG = −7.81 kcal/mol). Interaction analysis demonstrated that karanjachromene shared several key amino acid residues with the native ligand, indicating similar binding interactions with phosphodiesterase-4. In addition, karanjachromene fulfilled Lipinski’s Rule of Five and favorable ADMET properties, suggesting oral administration potential. However, further in vitro and in vivo evaluations are required to validate its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity against phosphodiesterase-4.

The Association Between Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Hypertension Incidence in Managaisaki Public Health Center, Tolitoli District

Sova Evie — 2026-06-30

Smoking remains a major global public health concern and is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and hypertension incidence among residents in the working area of Managaisaki Public Health Center, Tolitoli District. This observational analytic study employed a cross-sectional design with 40 respondents. Independent variables included duration of exposure, type of cigarette, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the body, while hypertension incidence was the dependent variable. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. The results showed that 60% of respondents had high smoke exposure, 55% were exposed to unfiltered cigarettes, and 45% had hypertension. Bivariate analysis revealed no significant relationship between duration of exposure (p=0.080) and type of cigarette (p=0.307) with hypertension. However, CO levels were significantly associated with hypertension (p=0.006), where respondents with high CO exposure were more likely to have hypertension. In conclusion, cigarette smoke exposure, particularly elevated CO levels, increases the risk of hypertension. These findings emphasize the importance of tobacco control measures and monitoring CO exposure as a preventive strategy against hypertension.

Analysis of National Hospital Quality Indicator Achievement among Hospitals in Karawang Regency, Indonesia

Dian Agnesa Sembiring — 2026-06-30

The National Hospital Quality Indicators (NHQI) are a set of indicators used to assess the quality of hospital services at the national level. However, the implementation of NHQI in Indonesia still shows variations in quality indicator achievements among hospitals, both in terms of reporting compliance and the attainment of specific indicator targets, including in Karawang Regency. This study aimed to analyze the achievement of thirteen NHQI indicators in Karawang Regency. This study employed a cross-sectional design with a descriptive quantitative approach through secondary data analysis. The research sample consisted of 24 hospitals that had reported NHQI achievements in April 2026 and had completed the NHQI reporting comprehensively, which were then analyzed using univariate analysis. In general, the characteristics of hospitals in Karawang Regency were predominantly private hospitals, Class B hospitals, and General Hospitals. Most NHQI indicators showed high levels of achievement, with the highest mean score observed for complaint response time (Mean ± SD: 99.9 ± 0.6). However, compliance with fall risk prevention measures (Mean ± SD: 94.1 ± 16.3) and compliance with physician ward visit schedules (Mean ± SD: 79.8 ± 18.8) remained below their respective national targets. Complaint response time demonstrated the highest level of compliance, with 100.0% of hospitals meeting the established standard, followed by compliance with the National Formulary (91.7%). In contrast, PPE compliance showed the highest proportion of hospitals failing to meet the target (58.3%), while compliance with patient identification and fall risk prevention measures also showed unmet proportions of 41.7% each. Therefore, targeted improvement strategies are needed, particularly for indicators with a high proportion of unmet targets and those with N/A data. From a policy perspective, the Karawang District Health Office and hospital management should strengthen monitoring systems, standardize reporting procedures, and provide regular performance feedback to ensure more complete, accurate, and consistent NHQI reporting across hospitals.

Formulation and Testing of In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Extract Cream from Plumeria rubra L. Leaves for Topical Skin Inflammation

aftahul hajlina — 2026-06-30

Skin inflammation in Indonesia has a prevalence of up to 6.8%, with corticosteroids being the primary treatment despite risking serious long-term side effects. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory and tissue-repair activity of an ethanol extract cream of Plumeria rubra L. leaves as a natural alternative. The extract was obtained through maceration with 96% ethanol and formulated into an oil-in-water (O/W) cream at concentration variations of 2% (F1), 4% (F2), and 6% (F3). Phytochemical screening revealed that the extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. Physical evaluation demonstrated that the preparations are stable, homogeneous, possess standard pharmaceutical spreadability and adhesion, and maintain an ideal skin-compatible pH range (4.5–5.24). In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation in white rats showed a significant difference in healing by day 9 (p < 0.05). Formula F2 (4%) yielded the most optimal results, exhibiting the smallest average wound length of 0.64 ± 0.11 cm and a healing time of 9.00 ± 0.00 days, which was statistically equivalent to the positive control. Increasing the concentration to 6% (F3) did not provide a significant acceleration in healing, indicating a saturation concentration phenomenon. In conclusion, the Plumeria rubra L. leaf extract cream at a 4% concentration is the most efficient and effective formula for accelerating wound healing and treating skin inflammation.

Formulation and Antibacterial Evaluation of Liquid Soap Containing Pineapple Peel Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Eliya Mursyida — 2026-06-30

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative antibacterial agents, particularly against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), an agricultural by-product, contains bioactive compounds with reported antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of pineapple peel into a liquid soap and evaluate its physicochemical properties and antibacterial effectiveness. The extract was incorporated at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Physicochemical evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, free alkali content, and specific gravity. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against S. aureus and S. pyogenes. All formulations met general quality requirements for liquid soap preparations, with pH values ranging from 7.3 to 9.7, specific gravity between 1.01 and 1.04g/mL, and free alkali content ≤0.1%. Antibacterial testing demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in inhibition zone diameter. The 15% formulation exhibited the highest activity, producing inhibition zones of 13.30mm against S. aureus and 20.25mm against S. pyogenes, with statistically significant differences compared to lower concentrations (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that pineapple peel extract can be successfully incorporated into a stable liquid soap formulation while retaining its antibacterial activity. The 15% formulation shows promising potential as a natural-based antibacterial cleansing product.

Thrombolytic Activity Test of Spider Plant Leaf Extract (Chlorophytum Spp.)

Siska Zafrida — 2026-06-30

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a disorder of the heart and blood vessels and remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis are major contributors to CVD. Thrombolytic agents such as urokinase, streptokinase, and nattokinase are effective in dissolving blood clots; however, their prolonged use may cause adverse effects and high treatment costs. Therefore, the development of safer and more affordable natural thrombolytic agents is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic activity of ethanol extract from spider plant leaves (Chlorophytum spp.). The study employed a post-test only control group experimental design using extract concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, with nattokinase as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in the extract. The thrombolytic activity increased with increasing extract concentration. The ethanol extract demonstrated clot lysis percentages of 2.8%, 4.2%, and 5.5% at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. Although its thrombolytic activity was lower than that of the positive control, the extract showed concentration-dependent thrombolytic potential. These findings suggest that spider plant (Chlorophytum spp.) leaves possess bioactive compounds with thrombolytic properties and may serve as a promising natural source for the development of alternative thrombolytic agents. Further studies, including isolation of active compounds and in vivo evaluation, are recommended.

ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL IN REFILLED DRINKING WATER IN DEMAK REGENCY USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Yanulia Handayani — 2026-06-30

Drinking water is a vital necessity which must meet the health standards because it directly impacts the body's biological functions. Increasing groundwater pollution has prompted people, especially in rural areas, to turn to refilled drinking water as a practical and economical option. However, the quality of refilled drinking water remains a concern, particularly regarding the potential for heavy metals such as Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr, which are harmful to health. This study aimed to determine the levels of those heavy metals in refilled drinking water in Demak and analyze the effects of ozone, ultraviolet, and reverse osmosis disinfection methods on metal content. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach which used nine samples from drinking water refill station in Demak with three samples for each disinfection method. Metal content was analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), while pH and organoleptic tests were used to complete the water quality evaluation. All samples had Pb, Cd, and Cr levels below the thresholds stipulated in Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 492/2010 and SNI 3553:2015. However, Fe levels in several samples exceeded the standards (0.1 mg/L according to SNI and 0.3 mg/L according to the Minister of Health Regulation), with the highest value was 0.31 mg/L. Six samples had a pH below 6.5, indicating acidic properties that could potentially accelerate corrosion and release heavy metals. Most refilled drinking water in Demak met quality standards, but required special attention to Fe and pH levels approaching or exceeding the thresholds.

F Formulation Study of Acetosal Suppositories Using PEG 400 and PEG 6000: Impact on Physical Properties

Dewi Rashati — 2026-06-30

Asetosal suppositories are solid preparations in the shape of a torpedo that contain the active ingredient asetosal and are used rectally. The base of the suppository plays an important role in the rate of drug release, both systemically and locally. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of varying concentrations of PEG 400 and PEG 6000 bases on the physical properties of acetosal suppositories. Three formulations with base concentration ratios (PEG 400 : PEG 6000) F1 = 3:7, F2 = 1:1, F3 = 7:3. The testing of the physical properties of acetosal suppositories includes organoleptic, weight uniformity, melting time, melting point, and hardness, and the results are then compared with the literature. The research results show that variations in the concentration of PEG 400 and PEG 6000 in acetosal suppositories affect the physical properties, namely weight uniformity, melting time, melting point, and hardness. Variations in the concentration of PEG 400 and PEG 6000 do not affect the organoleptic physical properties of shape, smell, and color.

Formulation and Efficacy Testing of Antioxidant Facial Serum Containing Gold Nanoparticles and Arabica Coffee Fruit Skin Extract (Coffea arabica L.) as an Anti-Aging Agent

Yetti Hariningsih — 2026-06-30

Arabica coffee bean husks (Coffea Arabica L.) are known to contain polyphenols, one of which is flavonoids, which have the potential to act as bioreductive agents in the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles are widely used in cosmetics because they can increase skin elasticity, improve skin metabolism, and have anti-aging properties. The purpose of this study was to formulate a gold nanoparticle serum using coffee bean skin extract and determine its antioxidant effectiveness. The gold nanoparticle biosynthesis method used in this study was the green synthesis method, while the method used to test antioxidant activity was the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Characterization results of gold nanoparticles from Arabica coffee fruit peel extract showed a color change from yellow to purple. The results of the physical quality evaluation of gold nanoparticle serum from Arabica coffee fruit peel extract at F1 with a pH of 6.45 ± 0.05, viscosity 933.75 ± 13.77 cP, and spreadability 6.20 ± 0.08. F2 with pH 6.20 ± 0.08, viscosity 917.50 ± 11.90 cP, and spreadability 6.43 ± 0.05. F3 with pH 5.90 ± 0.08, viscosity 987.50 ± 6.55 cP, and spreadability 6.6 ± 0.08. All serum formulas met the requirements for good serum based on their physical quality test values. The antioxidant activity results of Arabica coffee fruit peel extract nanoparticles showed an IC50 value of 9.826, Vitamin C at 1.653, both of which have very strong antioxidant activity because they have an IC50 value <50, while the gold nanoparticle serumfrom Arabica coffee fruit peel at 53.239 has strong antioxidant activitybecause it has an IC50 value in the range of 50–100.

Keywords: consist Gold nanoparticles; Arabica coffee fruit skin; Serum; Antioxidant